Objectives Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to answer the following questions: • How do you navigate to the different Cisco IOS modes? • How do you navigate the Cisco IOS to configure network devices? • How do you use show commands to monitor device operations? Key Terms This chapter uses the…
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Transport Layer Summary – 100-150 Exam Guide
Transport Layer Summary (26.8) The following is a summary of each topic in the chapter and some questions for your reflection. Packet Tracer—TCP and UDP Communications (26.8.1) In this activity, you will explore the functionality of the TCP and UDP protocols, multiplexing, and the function of port numbers in determining which local application requested the…
UDP Communication – 100-150 Exam Guide
UDP Communication (26.7) Sometimes the reliability associated with TCP is not required or the overhead associated with providing this reliability is not suitable for the application. This is where UDP is used. UDP Low Overhead Versus Reliability (26.7.1) As previously explained, UDP is perfect for communications that need to be fast, like VoIP. This topic…
TCP Flow Control—Maximum Segment Size (MSS)
TCP Flow Control—Maximum Segment Size (MSS) (26.6.6) In Figure 26-27, the source is transmitting 1,460 bytes of data within each TCP segment. This is typically the Maximum Segment Size (MSS) that the destination device can receive. The MSS is part of the Options field in the TCP header that specifies the largest amount of data,…
TCP Flow Control—Window Size and Acknowledgments
TCP Flow Control—Window Size and Acknowledgments (26.6.5) TCP also provides mechanisms for flow control. Flow control is the amount of data that the destination can receive and process reliably. Flow control helps maintain the reliability of TCP transmission by adjusting the rate of data flow between source and destination for a given session. To accomplish…
Reliability and Flow Control
Reliability and Flow Control (26.6) Reliability and flow control are two of the main features of TCP, not present in UDP. TCP Reliability—Guaranteed and Ordered Delivery (26.6.1) The reason that TCP is the better protocol for some applications is that, unlike UDP, it resends dropped packets and numbers packets to indicate their proper order before…
TCP Connection Establishment
TCP Connection Establishment (26.5.2) In some cultures, when two persons meet, they often greet each other by shaking hands. Both parties understand the act of shaking hands as a signal for a friendly greeting. Connections on the network are similar. In TCP connections, the host client establishes the connection with the server using the three-way…
Port Number Groups – 100-150 Exam Guide
Port Number Groups (26.4.3) The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the standards organization responsible for assigning various addressing standards, including the 16-bit port numbers. The 16 bits used to identify the source and destination port numbers provides a range of ports from 0 through 65535. The IANA has divided the range of numbers into…
Port Numbers – 100-150 Exam Guide
Port Numbers (26.4) This section covers how both TCP and UDP use port numbers to identify the proper application layer process. Multiple Separate Communications (26.4.1) As you have learned, there are some situations in which TCP is the right protocol for the job, and other situations in which UDP should be used. No matter what…
UDP Overview – 100-150 Exam Guide
UDP Overview (26.3) The reliability and flow control features provided by TCP come with additional overhead related to the connection establishment and tracking whether or not segments were received. UDP is a transport layer protocol that is used when this kind of overhead creates unnecessary delay. For example, transaction-based protocols such as DNS or DHCP,…